CSC 8310   Linguistics of Programming Languages      Name:_____________________________
Dr. David Matuszek
Fall 1997, Villanova University

Prolog quiz

1. (5 points) In Prolog, assume that you have a number of facts of the form: 
      mother(M, C).           /* M is the mother of C */
      father(F, C).           /* F is the father of C */
      male(X).                /* X is male */
      female(X).              /* X is female */
Write Prolog rules for
      grandmother(G, X).      /* G is a grandmother of X */
      sister(S, X).           /* S is a sister of X */
      half_brothers(B1, B2).  /* B1 and B2 are male and have the same mother
                                 or the same father, but not both. */











2. (3 points) Consider the following (pseudocode) program: 
main program
  A = 2
  call foo (A, A + 5)
  print A
end

procedure foo (X, Y)
  X = X + 3
  print X * Y
end
What two numbers are printed if call by value is used?
What two numbers are printed if call by reference is used?
What two numbers are printed if call by name is used?
(Notice that the procedure prints a number before the main program does.)


3. (2 points) In Lisp, [1] an S-expression is either an atom or a list, and [2] a list is a left parenthesis, followed by zero or more S-expressions, followed by a right parenthesis. Write BNF definitions of S-expression and list (assume that atom is defined elsewhere). Use "pure" BNF rather than extended BNF if you can.